Endometritis granulomatosa por tuberculosis en mujer postmenopaúsica / Granulomatous tuberculosis endometritis in a posmenopausal woman

INTRODUCCIÓN: La tuberculosis (TBC) genital es una infección relativamente poco frecuente en la mujer. Afecta principalmente a mujeres menores de 40 años, y el motivo de consulta más usual es la esterilidad, de ahí la importancia de su diagnóstico precoz. CASO CLÍNICO clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente con dolor pélvico crónico que acude a nuestras consultas para valoración. Durante el estudio se toma biopsia dirigida de la cavidad endometrial diagnosticándose la presencia de granulomas no necrotizantes. Posteriormente se realiza un cultivo microbiológico que resulta positivo para micobacterias y se determina el DNA, mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, de mycobacterium tuberculosis, como causante del cuadro. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico definitivo de TBC requiere el aislamiento en cultivo del bacilo de Koch, aunque en los casos de TBC genital, al ser una entidad paucibacilar, puede no resultar positivo. En éste caso, sería suficiente el diagnóstico de presunción basado en la sospecha clínica y el hallazgo histológico de granulomas. CONCLUSIÓN: La tuberculosis genital es una entidad poco frecuente en nuestro medio, aunque es una causa importante de infertilidad femenina y su predominio generalmente se subestima debido a la naturaleza paucisintomática de la misma. El diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento multidisciplinar son fundamentales.

INTRODUCTION: Genital tuberculosis (TB) is a relatively rare afection in women. It mainly affects women younger than 40 years, and the most frequent reason for consultation is sterility, therefore early diagnosis is important. CLINICAL CASE: We presented the case of a patient with chronic pelvic pain who comes to our consultations. During the study, we take an endometrial biopsy diagnosing the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas. Finally, we determined the mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA through the polymerase chain reaction and positive microbiological culture, as the cause of pathology. DISCUSSION: The definitive diagnosis of TB requires the isolation in culture of the Koch bacillus, although in genital TB cases, as it is a paucibacillary entity, it may not be positive. In this case, the presumptive diagnosis based on clinical suspicion and the histological granulomas would be enough. CONCLUSIONS: Genital tuberculosis is a rare entity in our environment, although it is an important cause of female infertility and its prevalence is generally underestimated due to its paucisymptomatic nature. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment are essential.

Endometrial tuberculosis: hysteroscopic findings of a clinical case / Tuberculose endometrial: Achados histeroscópicos de um caso clínico

Abstract Endometrial tuberculosis is a rare diagnosis in the postmenopausal period, and it can mimic a carcinoma. The present article describes the case of a 54-year-old female patient with weight loss, abdominal pain, and ascites. An ultrasonography showed endometrial thickening, and a video hysteroscopy revealed a uterine cavity with formations with cotton aspect covering the entire endometrial surface and the tubal ostia. An anatomopathological evaluation diagnosed endometrial tuberculosis. The treatment was with a standardized therapeutic scheme (ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin), and the patient evolved with clinical improvement and normal uterine cavity at hysteroscopy. Considering the lack of pathognomonic hysteroscopic findings of the disorder, it is important to disclose the images of the case.

Resumo A tuberculose endometrial é um diagnóstico raro na pós-menopausa e podemimetizar um carcinoma. O presente artigo descreve o caso de uma paciente de 54 anos com perda de peso, dor abdominal e ascite. A ultrassonografia mostrou espessamento endometrial, e a histeroscopia por vídeo revelou uma cavidade uterina com formações que apresentavam aspecto de algodão cobrindo toda a superfície endometrial e os óstios tubários. Uma avaliação anatomopatológica diagnosticou tuberculose endometrial. O tratamento foi com esquema terapêutico padronizado (etambutol, isoniazida, pirazinamida e rifampicina), e a paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica e cavidade uterina normal na histeroscopia. Considerando a falta de achados histeroscópicos patognomônicos do distúrbio, é importante divulgar as imagens do caso.

Effect of antitubercular treatment on the pregnancy outcomes and prognoses of patients with genital tuberculosis / 医学前沿

This retrospective study aims to demonstrate the effect of antitubercular treatment (ATT) on the pregnancy outcomes and prognoses of patients with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who had received laparoscopy and/or hysteroscopy. This study included 78 patients with infertility and who were diagnosed with GTB through laparoscopy and/or hysteroscopy over the period of November 2005 to October 2015. The recruited patients were divided into ATT and nonATT groups on the basis of ATT duration. The GTB recurrence rates, menstrual patterns, and pregnancy outcomes of the patients were determined at follow-up. Among the 78 patients, 46 received ATT and 32 did not receive ATT. The menstrual volumes of patients in the ATT group significantly decreased relative to those of patients in the nonATT group. GTB did not recur among all patients regardless of treatment. A total of 11 pregnancies (36.7%) in the ATT group and 19 pregnancies (63.3%) in the nonATT group were observed. Pregnancy rates significantly differed (P = 0.002) between the two groups. ATT may decrease the menstrual volume and pregnancy rates of patients who were diagnosed with GTB through laparoscopy and/or hysteroscopy. In addition, ATT did not improve the prognosis of patients with chronic GTB.

Endometritis tuberculosa sin foco primario y dolor pélvico crónico / Tuberculous endometritis with no primary focus and chronic pelvic pain

Antecedentes: La tuberculosis genital y la endometritis tuberculosa es una forma de tuberculosis que continúa siendo frecuente en los países en desarrollo y habitualmente es secundaria a un foco primario pulmonar. Puede cursar de forma asintomática, o bien, producir síntomas como infertilidad primaria o secundaria, alteraciones menstruales o dolor pélvico crónico, entre otros. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 47 años en estudio por ginecología y urología por dolor pélvico crónico y sintomatología urinaria inespecífica de aproximadamente 6 meses de evolución. La ecografía transvaginal muestra contenido intracavitario escaso sugerente de piometra e imágenes trabeculares compatibles con sinequias uterinas. Mediante aspirado endometrial se extrae pus y muestra endometrial que se remite para estudio anatomopatológico. Tras el informe anatomopatológico que diagnostica inflamación crónica granulomatosa necrotizante, se solicita estudio por PCR y cultivo para micobacteriumm tuberculosis, siendo ambos positivos para el microorganismo. De este modo, se diagnosticó como endometritis tuberculosa sin existir afectación de otros órganos tras el estudio completo. Se realizó tratamiento con etambutol hidrocloruro, isoniacida, pirazinamida y rifampicina durante 2 meses y pirazinamida e isonicida durante 7 meses adicionales. Al final del tratamiento, la paciente mostraba clara mejoría de los síntomas y a la ecografía desaparición de la colección intracavitaria uterina.

Background: Genital tuberculosis and endometritis tuberculosa is a form of tuberculosis which remains prevalent in developing countries and is usually secondary to a pulmonary primary focus. It may be asymptomatic, or may produce symptoms such as primary or secondary infertility, menstrual disorders or chronic pelvic pain, among others. Clinical case: We present the case of a patient of 47-year who was studied by ginecology and urology for chronic pelvic pain and unspecific urinary symptoms since about 6 months. In transvaginal ultrasound pyometra and trabecular images compatible with uterine synechiae were observed. Endometrial samples were obtaining and sent for histopathologic examination which was informed of chronic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. We asked for PCR and culture for tuberculosis micobacteriumm, both being positive for the microorganism. Thus, she was diagnosed of endometritis tuberculosa without involvement of other organs after complete study. She performed a treatment with ethambutol hydrochloride, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide for 2 months and pyrazinamide and isoniazid for 7 months. At the end of treatment, the patient showed clear improvement of symptoms and disappearance of uterine intracavitary collection in the ultrasonographic study.

Tubercular Pyosalpinx Mimicking Ovarian Torsion.

Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency that requires prompt recognition and treatment. It may present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, and should be considered in any female with acute abdominal pain. The diagnosis is based on an awareness of the relevant risk factors, the clinical presentation, and a high index of suspicion. Timely investigation and management can make the difference between ovarian loss and salvage — an outcome of great importance in the population of reproductive age females. Whereas Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, and the morbidity associated with it has major health implications. When tuberculosis affects the genital organs of young females, it has the devastating effect of causing irreversible damage to their fallopian tubes, resulting in a possible tubercular pyosalpinx and infertility. However, the disease often remains silent . In this case study, suspecting the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis and of establishing the differential diagnosis with ovarian tumors in the presence of large pyosalpinges is highlighted.

Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part II: uterus

Female genital tuberculosis remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis has increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Genital tuberculosis [TB] is commonly asymptomatic and it is diagnosed during infertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools such as computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography has been considered as the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility and as a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG] from non-specific changes to specific findings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic features of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of tuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble stone tube" and the "leopard skin tube". Part II will describe adverse effects of tuberculosis on structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings, such as "T-shaped" tuberculosis uterus, "pseudo-unicornuate "uterus, "collar-stud abscess" and "dwarfed" uterus with lymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes which have not been encountered in the majority of non-tuberculosis cases

Cervical tuberculosis masquerading as cancer cervix: A report of three cases.

Summary: Tuberculosis is still frequently observed in third world countries like Africa and Asia. Here we report three cases of genital tuberculosis with variable presentations. First case was a lady of reproductive age group who presented with polymenorrhea and post-coital bleeding with unhealthy cervix. Histopathology of cervical tissue revealed tubercular cervicitis. Second and third cases presented with different complaints like discharge per vaginum, post-coital bleeding and pain in lower abdomen with growth over the cervix. Cervical biopsy was inconclusive of tuberculosis but endometrial tissue sampling for TB PCR was positive. This shows that newer diagnostic marker test can help us to detect secondary genital tuberculosis.

Coexistence of benign ovarian serous cystadenoma and tuberculosis in a young woman

Genital tuberculosis involving the ovary in a non-immunocompromised individual is rare. We report a case of coexisting ovarian serous cystadenoma and tuberculosis in a 29-year-old Indian woman. Clinical examination revealed the presence of an abdominal mass suspicious for ovarian neoplasm. Histopathological evaluation revealed ovarian neoplasm and concomitant tuberculosis. To the best of our knowledge, and after an extensive search of the literature, the coexistence of benign ovarian neoplasm and tuberculosis has not been previously documented.

Various hysterosalpingography findings of female genital tuberculosis: a case series

Genital tuberculosis is a chorionic disease and mostly occurs by haematogenous spread from extra genital source like lungs, peritoneum, lymph nodes and bones. Transmission through a sexual intercourse is also possible. Since the majority of patients are in reproductive ages, involvement of fallopian tubes and endometrium cause infertility in patients. Reviewing 4 cases of female genital tuberculosis, which referred to an infertility treatment center with various symptoms, we encountered various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG]. The genitourinary tract is the most common site of extra pulmonary TB. The primary focus of genital tuberculosis is fallopian tubes, which are almost always affected bilaterally but not symmetrically. Because of common involvement of fallopian tubes and endometrial cavity, disease causes infertility. Diagnosis is not easy because genital tuberculosis has a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations with slow growing symptoms. Detailed hysterosalpingography finding may be helpful in better diagnosis of the disease. This case series aims to depict the various hystrosalpingographic appearances and pathology produced by tuberculosis and related literatures are reviewed in order to establish a better diagnostic evaluation of genital tuberculosis

Evaluating PCR, culture & histopathology in the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis.

Background & objectives: Genital tuberculosis (GTB) is one of the major causes for severe tubal disease leading to infertility. Unlike pulmonary tuberculosis, the clinical diagnosis of GTB is difficult because in majority of cases the disease is either asymptomatic or has varied clinical presentation. Routine laboratory values are of little value in the diagnosis. An absolute diagnosis cannot be made from characteristic features in hysterosalpingogram (HSG) or laparoscopy. Due to the paucibacillary nature of GTB, diagnosis by mycobacterial culture and histopathological examination (HPE) have limitations and low detection rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PCR technique, culture and histopathological examination in the diagnosis of GTB in female infertility. Methods: This study included 72 infertile women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a detailed history and clinical examination all patients were subjected to investigations including pelvic sonogram, HSG and laparoscopy. Endometrial samples from were allocated for AFB smear, culture and HPE examination. Only 49 samples were available for PCR using IS 6110 and TRC4 primers. In seven patients peritoneal fluid was also taken for culture and PCR. Based on the clinical profile and laparoscopic findings, a diagnostic criteria was derived to suspect GTB. Specific diagnostic tests were evaluated against this diagnostic criterion. Results: Laparoscopy was suggestive of tuberculosis in 59.7 per cent of cases, AFB smear was positive in 8.3 per cent, culture was positive in 5.6 per cent, HPE positive in 6.9 per cent and PCR was positive in 36.7 per cent of cases. Based on the diagnostic criteria, GTB was suspected in 28 of the 49 cases. On evaluating against the diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity of PCR, HPE and culture were 57.1, 10.7, 7.14 per cent respectively. The concordance of results between the clinical criteria and specific diagnostic tests were analysed by Kappa measure of agreement. The culture and HPE showed mild agreement with the clinical criteria, whereas PCR showed a moderate agreement. PCR was positive in Two of the 21 cases in whom GTB was not suspected. False positive PCR in these two cases were ruled out by multiple areas of sampling and re-sampling in one case. The PCR results were negative in 12 of the 28 cases. PCR using TRC4 primers had a higher sensitivity (46.4%) than IS 6110 primers (25%) in detecting clinically suspected GTB. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that conventional methods of diagnosis namely, HPE, AFB smear and culture have low sensitivity. PCR was found to be useful in diagnosing early disease as well as confirming diagnosis in clinically suspected cases. False negative PCR was an important limitation in this study.

A second - look hysteroscopy after treatment of genital tuberculosis in an amenorrheic woman

A 32 year old G2P1 (1011) presented with amenorrhea of 2 years duration. Both sister and grandfather were diagnosed with Pulmonary Tuberculosis 10 years ago and adequately treated for 9 months with quadruple anti-Koch`s medications. Patient presented with no sign nor symptoms highly suspicious for tuberculosis. Physical and Pelvic examinations, complete endocrinologic investigations, chest X-ray and transvaginal ultrasound all revealed normal results. Progesterone challenge test failed to elicit withdrawal bleeding. Hyteroscopy showed a globularly fibrotic endometrial cavity, while endometrial biopsy revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation with Langhan`s giant cell typical of genital tuberculosis. She was subsequently started on anti-Koch`s medications for 6 months, with prompt resumption of menses after treatment. Second-look hysteroscopy on readmission showed normal, healthy-looking endometrium with no areas of fibrosis. Repeat endomentrial biopsy revealed benign secretory phase endometrium, with absolutely no evidence of chronic granulomatous inflammation. This paper aimed to underscore the value of hysteroscopy as a vital tool in the work-up amenorrhea, and to demonstrate, using second look hysteroscopy, the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment on the uterine cavity in an amenorrheic woman diagnosed with genital tuberculosis.

PCR-based evaluation of tuberculous endometritis in infertile women in north India

Tuberculous endometritis is often a diagnostic dilemma for gynecologists in the evaluation of infertility. This study evaluated and compared different diagnostic methods in tuberculous endometritis. 100 infertile women were investigated for tuberculous endometritis. The endometrial samples obtained by curettage were evaluated by Ziehl-Neelsen [ZN] staining of the smears for acid-fast bacilli [AFB], the samples were also cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and histopathological examination and nested PCR targeting 'hupB' gene [Rv 2986c in M. tuberculosis and Mb 3010c in M. bovis] which can differentiate between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis were performed. Antibodies against 38-kDa and 16-kDa mycobacterial antigens were detected in serum using ELISA. Statistical analysis was done by online GraphPad Prism software, version 5.0. McNemar's test was applied and Kappa agreement coefficient was calculated for agreement between various methods. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. among the 100 evaluated endometrial samples, one was AFB smear positive, none was positive by culture, four were positive by histopathology and 13 were positive by PCR. Of the PRC-positive cases, 38.4% were positive for M. tuberculosis, 23.07% for M. bovis, and 38.4% showed co-infection with both species. 40% of the patients had raised IgG against M. tuberculosis 38-kDa antigen. McNemar's test was applied to PCR and the conventional methods of TB diagnosis [AFB, Culture and histopathology] and the p-value was <0.001 [highly significant] for PCR. Detection by PCR showed a fair agreement with detection by Mantoux test and ELISA. In paucibacillary endometrial tuberculosis, the positive detection rate was found to be significantly higher for PCR compared to other methods. The 'in-house' nested PCR assay targeting the hupB gene and used in this study, can serve as a rapid diagnostic aid for tubercular endometritis. It can also differentiate between members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, namely M. tuberculosis and M. bovis

The molecular diagnosis of pelvic tuberculosis: a case report / Diagnóstico molecular de tuberculosis pélvica: reporte de caso

Tuberculosis is a re-emerging infectious disease. A retrospective analysis was made of the clinical history of a 48-year-old woman in April 2009; she was a secretary at a third-level hospital living in an urban area. Pelvic tubercular infection was suggested as a possible diagnosis; spoligotyping molecular methodology was used on a peritoneal secretion sample to confirm such diagnosis and confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (octal code 777777777760771, SIT 53, Family T1).

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa reemergente. Durante el mes de abril de 2009 se realizó el análisis retrospectivo de la historia clínica de una mujer de 48 años de edad, residente en área urbana, secretaria de un hospital de tercer nivel. Se determinó infección tuberculosa pélvica como diagnóstico presuntivo. Con el fin de confirmar dicho diagnóstico, se realizó la metodología molecular de spoligotyping en muestra de secreción peritoneal y confirmó la presencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, código octal 777777777760771, SIT 53, familia T1.

Early diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis by phage amplified biological assay / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish an early diagnostic method for detecting female genital tuberculosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-six women with genital tuberculosis during January 2005-September 2007 were examined by phage amplified biological assay, and the results were compared with those from leucorrhea culture, smear and PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Forty-five patients were tuberculosis positive with 100% of specificity identified by phage amplified biological assay. Twenty patients were tuberculosis positive by PCR. Five patients were culture-positive tuberculosis and no case had smear-positive tuberculosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Phage amplified biologically assay is sensitive and specific, which could be used for the early diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis.</p>

unusual presentation of pelvic tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is highly prevalent in developing countries like Pakistan and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with pelvic mass, ascites and raised serum CA 125 levels. A case of pelvic tuberculosis with markedly raised serum CA 125 levels and initial diagnosis of ovarian tumour was made

Úlcera genital, nem sempre uma clássica DST: relato de um caso tuberculose vulvar / Genital ulcer, nor always a classic DST: case report of a tuberculosis vulvar

A tuberculose vulvar é uma patologia rara, geralmente associada a um foco primário pulmonar. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento de um caso de tuberculose vulvar acompanhado no serviço de Ginecologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória em 2004. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente de 54 anos, casada, com uma úlcera genital crônica, de grande extensão, sem outros sintomas associados. Foi submetida a biópsia da lesão e exames para investigação de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (sífilis, hepatites e HIV). Dos resultados, o estudo histopatológico evidenciou granuloma sugestivo de tuberculose, após descartar outras suspeitas. Realizou-se então como propedêutica radiografia de tórax, o qual apresentou lesões sugestivas de tuberculose. Fez-se baciloscopia do escarro, com resultado positivo. Diante do quadro de tuberculose pulmonar e do resultado encontrado na biópsia da úlcera genital, iniciou-se o tratamento com tuberculostáticos. Obteve-se então confirmação da tuberculose vulvar através da prova terapêutica positiva, com melhora significativa da lesão genital nos primeiros sete dias de tratamento. Observouse a importância de ter a tuberculose como diagnóstico diferencial nas úlceras genitais crônicas, por requerer investigação diagnóstica adequada para se instituir o tratamento preciso e obter a cura.

The tuberculosis to vulvar is a rare pathology, generally associated to a pulmonary primary focus. The objective of this ceport is to present the clinical, diagnostic picture and treatment of a vulvar tuberculosis followied in the service of Gynecology of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória in 2004. The case of a patient of 54 years old, married, with a chronic genital ulcer, of great extension, without other symptoms associates. It was submitted the biopsy of the injury and examinations for inquiry of some sexually transmissitted deseases (syphilis, hepatites and HIV). The results the biopsy it evidenced granuloma suggestive of tuberculosis, after to discard others suspicion. It was become fullfilled x-ray of thorax, which presented suggestive injuries of tuberculosis. Baciloscopy of pulmonary secretion became, with positive result. Ahead of the pulmonary picture of tuberculosis and the result found in the biopsy of the genital ulcer, the treatment with tuberculostatics was initiated. Confirmation of the tuberculosis was gotten then to vulvar through positive the therapeutical test, with significant improvement of the genital injury in first the seven days of treatment. It was observed the importance of if having the tuberculosis as diagnostic differential in the chronic genital ulcers, for requiring adequate diagnostic inquiry to do the necessary treatment and getting the cure.

Congenital tuberculosis.

We report a case of congenital tuberculosis diagnosed by liver biopsy in a 8-week-old infant presented with acute abdomen. Liver biopsy showed multiple lymphoepitheloid cell granulomas with Langhans' giant cells and central necrosis. The culture of caseous material from the liver showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Antituberculous treatment was started. Endometrial biopsy in the asymptomatic mother confirmed the source of infection.